Some answers

Emergence, n. i-'m&r-j&n(t)s. A phenomenon where "simple" systems exhibit traits not "obviously suggested" by their initial definition. Wikipedia suggests that examples in physics are thermodynamic phenomena such as temperature, friction, and color.
Now that I am reminded, a host of examples come flooding back. I remember Wolframs blunt trauma murder weapon (e.g. Col. Mustard in the library with "A new kind of science"), I remember a colleages lectures on "Coherent Noise".

Coherent Noise is a term that describes the mechanism by which neural networks populated with random initial conditions appear to exhibit phenomena that are possibly analogous to physical properties. Its an approach that I like, creating what the universe is really like (just a bunch of events connected together by some rules), however I have to say that the methods employed do not appear to be widely accepted (or known). I am not comfortable with the method by which connections are made between the observed coherence and basic physics (like E&M). (Cf. Rappel and Karma 1996)

If a physicist coined the term and outlined the principle of emergence, he is probably kicking himself because Google searches imply that, like evolution, its one of those ideas latched onto by pseudo-science theoretists, creationists, philosophers, california crazies, and Michael Crichton.

Anthropic Priniciple n,(1973). An idea proposed by a cosmologist suggests that apparent fine tuning of fundamental properties is correlated to our existence. The same principle relates the difference between the way the universe is and the way we measure it to be. Related topics inlude quantum observation effects, EPR paradox, anthropomorphising, etc. Albrecht uses the term in the orginal context of early universe models. The more parameters we add to our system, the less it is relevant to reality.